工作安全分析(JSA)方法

Job Safety Analysis Measures

 

介绍JSA的五步法

5 steps introduction of JSA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ferrero Hangzhou EHS

             

 

 

 

 

目标Target

通过本课程提供的信息及练习，你将能够：

Though this training, you will:

1.向他人解释为什么JSA如此重要

Know why JSA is so important and explain to other

2.认识到为什么JSA将是一项有价值的工具

Understand why JSA is a valuable tool

3.掌握完成一个JSA的五步骤流程

Master 5 steps to complete a JSA.

 

 

 

入门Introduction

 

 

 

 

 

定义工作安全分析Definition of JSA

什么是工作？What is a work?

                                            

                                            

什么是危害？What is the hazard?

                                            

                                            

什么是分析？What is analysis?

                                            

                                           

                                            

在减少事故发生方面为什么JSA比走厂检查更有效？

Why JSA is better to EHS inspection to reduce accident?

                                            

                                            

JSA有助于我们理解事故发生的可能性和事故可能发生后受伤或疾病的严重性。JSA helps to understand the probability and severity of accident.

可能性的定义definition of Probability：某件事情发生的机会。The chance of something happen

建议从以下方面考虑可能性：Advise to consider probability as below:

*暴露的雇员人数 exposure employee numbers

*暴露的频率和持续时间  exposure frequency and time

*雇员和危险区的接近程度 Proximity of employees and the danger zone

*影响工作强度的因素 The influencing factors of working strength

*缺少合适的训练和监督，或者不合适的工作场所设计 lack of probable training and supervision, or uncomfortable design to working area design

*其它 other

上述因素也被综合表达为“可能性指数” all above described as “probability index”

可能性指数是Probability Index：

低low：所考虑的因素不太可能导致事故的发生 Considering the factors are unlikely to cause accidents

中Middle：所考虑的因素有可能导致事故的发生Considering the factors that could lead to accidents

高High：所考虑的因素非常有可能导致事故的发生Considering the factors are very likely to lead to accidents

 

严重性的定义The definition of severity：可合理预测的受伤或疾病程度can reasonably predict the degree of injury or disease

 

严重程度包括Severity includes：

轻微Slight：可导致雇员受伤或疾病，但非严重身体伤害（如一次性治疗事故）Employees can be led to injury or disease, but not serious bodily injury (such as a first aid)

严重身体伤害Serious bodily injury：如所有的可记录事故和疾病  all reportable accident and disease.

死亡Death

 

可能性Probability	严重性Severity
		一般Nromal	严重Serious	死亡Death
	低Low	1	2	3
	中等Middle	2	4	6
	高High	3	6	9

 

 

 

 

 

JSA步骤

 

步骤一Step 1  观察正在执行的工作Observe the performing work

就是观察员工正在进行的工作。安全文化通过强调在分析过程中的“系统改善性”来支持JSA，这对JSA来说很重要。观察者和雇员应该作为一个小组来完成这一步及整个工作。Is to observe the employee's ongoing work, Observer and employees should as a team to complete this step and the whole work

 

 

观察有哪些有效方法呢What are the effective methods of Observe？

                       

                       

                       

 

 

 

为什么说员工参与是很重要的

Why employee involvement is very important？

                                        

                                         

                                         

 

JSA中的步骤 Steps in JSA

团体练习：如果不依据JSA，如何

考虑这个工作的危险和安全措施？

Group practice: if not according to the JSA, how to consider the danger of the work and safety measures?

在台式锯上锯木料 Saw wood on the bench saw

*台式锯在维修间，破旧，防护罩丢失 Bench saw in processing room, worn-out, safety cover is missing

*任何人都能使用 can be start by every one

*有4个维修工人，每个人每天都会用上几次 4 maintenance people and everyone will use the saw several times.

*安全眼镜有佩戴要求但没有被强制执行 Safety glassed is required but not used

*木料放在维修间，靠近一堵墙垂直成垛。The wood stored in processing room against a wall vertically into a crib

 

 

这个例子说明，不依据JSA我们也能发现危险。但对比下述例子，可以知道JSA有助于我们理清思路，逻辑化地全面地分析出危险。

This example could know, we can also find the danger not according to the JSA. But compare the following examples, JSA can know help us clear thinking, logical and comprehensively analyze the danger.

JSA的步骤 JSA Steps

 

步骤二Step 2     分解工作 Work decomposition

此步骤对JSA过程至关重要，分析就是“分解工作至各个部分以确定该部分对整个工作的影响”。下图是个为建筑工地准备砂浆的例子，四个图形说明这个工作起码可以分为四步。This step is very important to the JSA process, analysis is "decomposition to each part to determine the part of the whole work of". Below is an example of mortar for construction sites, four graphic illustrating the job, at least, can be divided into four steps

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

参考“工作安全分析表”，看看它如何帮助我们组织这个过程。

Refer to "job safety analysis table and see how it helps us to organize the process.

 

JSA的步骤 JSA Steps

步骤三 Step 3   描述工作中每一步的危害Description of the hazards in every step of work

JSA的一个重要目的就是让工作更安全，在这一步骤中收集的信息对于消除或减少危害，提高工作薄弱环节有重要价值。JSA is an important goal is to make work more safety, information gathered in this step to eliminate or reduce harm, improve the work weak link has important value.

危害类型举例Samples of hazard：

* 加速度：急剧加速或减速

* Acceleration: a sharp acceleration or deceleration

* 有毒的：对皮肤或内部组织

* Poisonous: on the skin or internal organization

* 辐射：非离子性――灼伤，离子性――损坏组织

* Radiation: non ion - burns, ionic - damaged tissue

* 人体工程学* Ergonomics

1.高频度：大量重复执行某些动作。

The high frequency: a large number of repeat some action.

2.过长时间：执行某些动作大大超过正常时间。

 The time is too long: perform some action considerably more than the normal time.

3.重体力：雇员需付出大量体力，包括重物提升，推，拉。

 The heavy manual: employee needs to pay a lot of energy, including heavy lifting, pushing, pulling.

4.姿势：肢体拉伸过度，或不恰当的身体位置。

 Position: excessive body stretching, or improper body position.

5.操作位置：工人或工具的位置增加了其它因素产生的风险。

The operating location: the location of the workers or the tools to increase the risk of other factors.

6.机械压力：手动工具，锋利的边缘或过短的手柄。

Mechanical pressure: hand tools, handle of the sharp edges or too short.

7.振动：碾压机械，电力机械，弹性机械产生的过度振动。

Vibration: compaction machinery, electrical machinery, the elastic mechanical produce excessive vibration.

8.环境暴露：雇员工作环境湿度，照度，声音，温度恶劣的地方。

Environmental exposure: employees working environment humidity, illumination, sound, temperature of bad places.

* 压力：在水压和气压方面上升的压力

* Pressure, rising pressure in hydraulic pressure and air pressure

* 机械的：夹，尖利、锋利的点或边缘，重力，旋转点，弹射点产生的影响

* Machinery: clamp, sharp, sharp points or edges, gravity, pivot point, the impact of the ejection point

* 易燃性/引火性：为使燃烧发生，油料或氧化剂会以气态出现。

* Flammability/ incendivity: to make a fire, oil or oxidant will appear in the gas phase.

* 爆炸性：爆炸产生大量气体，热，响声，光和高压。

* Explosive: explosion produces a large amount of gas, heat, sound, light and high pressure.

* 触电：绝缘不足，破损的电线和设备，雷击，静电放电等。

* get an electric shock: insulation, broken wires and equipment, lightning strike, electrostatic discharge, etc.

* 化学反应：化学反应可能很剧烈，导致爆炸，物料分散和热传导。

* Chemistry: chemical reactions can be severe, causing explosion, material dispersion and heat conduction.

* 生物的：通过血液或空气传播的病毒。

* Creatures: through blood or airborne viruses.

* 暴力行为：任何暴露行为的发生都会产生敌对的工作环境，影响雇员身体或精神。

* Violence: the occurrence of any exposed behavior produces hostile work environment, affect employee physical or mental.

事故类型举例Accident types sample：

受撞击：人员受物体冲击，施力方为物体。

By the impact: personnel are impacted by the object, applying for the object.

撞击：人员撞到物体，施力方为人员。

Impact: hit the object, applying for the staff.

被接触：人员受物料接触造成伤害和受伤。

Contact: personnel injury and injury by the material contact.

触及：人员启动的接触，触到了危险物质或材料。

Hit: starts the contact, touched the dangerous substances or materials.

被抓：身体的一部分或者穿着的一部分或饰品被静止或移动的物体勾住或抓住导致人员失去平衡而跌倒或者是被卷入机器而遭受伤害。

Caught: part of the body or wear jewelry is static or moving objects or part of a hook or seize the lead to people lose balance and fall suffered damage or being involved in the machine.

陷入：人员或身体的一部分掉入开口或包围着的空间

In: personnel or part of the body fall into the mouth or surrounded by a space

被夹：人员或身体的一部分被两个运动的物体或一个运动一个静止的物体卷入或加入。

Clamped: people or part of the body by two motion objects or a movement involved in or join a stationary object

跌倒：人员滑倒或绊倒在他所行走的表面。

Fall: personnel slipping or tripping on the surface of what he has to walk.

跌落：人员滑倒或绊倒，跌下了低于他所行走的表面。

Drop: personnel slipping or tripping, down the surface of the below what he walked.

过度用力：人员过度伸张或弯曲自己的身体

Excessive: personnel overreach or bend your body

身体反应：仅由于身体自由运动导致的拉伸引起的或者运用了紧张或身体不自然的位置，是身体伤害的主要原因。

Physical responses: only caused by body freedom movement caused by the tensile or nervous or the location of the body is not natural, is the main reason for the bodily injury.

过度暴露：人员暴露于有害能量（噪声，热），能量不足（冷），或者物质（有毒化学品或者气体）

Excessive exposure: workers exposed to harmful energy (noise, thermal), lack of energy (cold), or material (toxic chemicals or gas)

步骤四 Step 4控制措施 Control Measure

控制措施的等级The level of control measures：

工程控制Engineering control：包括替代，隔离，通风，设备改造等等。这些控制措施着眼于危害源，不像其他措施着眼于暴露在危害中的员工。工程控制的基本理念为在最大可能的范围内，工作环境和作业本身应该被设计为消除危害或消除危害的暴露。Including alternative, isolation, ventilation, equipment modification, and so on, these control measures focus on the hazard sources, unlike other measures focusing on exposed to the dangers of employees. The basic conception of engineering control for the maximum possible, within the scope of the work environment and job itself should be designed to eliminate the hazards or eliminate the hazards of exposure.

管理控制Management control:任何通过工作步骤或者方式的控制与操纵，显著限制日常危害暴露的程序，被认为是提高管理控制的方法。管理控制会带来暴露的减少，通过如下方法 ，如改变工作习惯，改善环境和卫生措施或者改变员工执行作业的方法。Any work steps or way of control and manipulation, significantly limiting daily hazard exposure of the program, is considered to be the method of enhancing management and control. Management control can bring exposed to reduce, through the following methods, such as changing work habits, improve the environment and health measures or change the way employees perform operation.

PPE：当危害的暴露不能在工程控制或管理控制中彻底消除时，以及安全操作的方法和行政措施不能提供充分的针对暴露的附加保护时，个人保护的服装和设备应该得到应用。Exposure of the PPE: when hazards cannot eliminate in engineering or management control, and the method of safe operation and administrative measures do not provide sufficient exposure for additional protection, personal protective clothing and equipment should be used.

步骤五 Step 5安全操作规程和发现跟踪

SOP and Tracking

JSA的最后一个步骤，即建立安全操作规程（SOP）或回顾已有SOP，根据JSA结果分析是否需修改SOP。

JSA last step, namely, to establish safety operation procedures (SOP) or reviewing existing SOP, and according to the results of the JSA analysis whether need to modify the SOP.

SOP通常不仅包括安全的要求，还包括品质等等。

SOP usually includes not only safety requirements, including quality and so on.

对于需要立即引起重视（如机械防护罩缺失）或采取控制措施（如通风）的健康和安全事项，应记录在“工作安全分析行动追踪表”上，然后列入检查发现跟踪解决。

To need immediate attention, (such as lack of mechanical shield) or control measures (e.g., ventilation) the health and safety matters, and shall be recorded on the job safety analysis action tracking table, and then listed in the inspection found tracking solution.